Cyber Crime in Nepal: Types, Laws, and Prevention Tips

In recent years, cybercrime has emerged as one of the most significant threats to individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. Nepal, like many countries, is witnessing an alarming rise in cybercrime cases. The digital age has brought about a range of advantages, but it has also introduced a new breed of criminal activity—cybercrime. In this article, we will delve into the various types of cybercrime affecting Nepal, explore the laws that regulate cyber activities, and provide practical tips to help protect yourself from becoming a victim of cybercrime.

Understanding Cybercrime in Nepal

Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are carried out using computers, digital devices, or the internet. These crimes can range from financial fraud to identity theft, hacking, and online harassment. As Nepal becomes increasingly connected to the digital world, cybercrime is becoming more pervasive, affecting individuals, businesses, and even government institutions.

According to the Nepal Police Headquarters Cyber Bureau, the number of cybercrime applications has increased dramatically in recent years. For instance, in the fiscal year 2019/20, there were 2,301 applications lodged. This number jumped to 12,789 by the middle of the fiscal year 2024/25, reflecting a six-fold increase in just five years. This sharp rise highlights the growing concern over cybercrime in Nepal.

Common Types of Cybercrime in Nepal

1. Online Fraud

Online fraud is one of the most prevalent forms of cybercrime in Nepal. This includes a range of deceptive activities aimed at stealing money or personal information from individuals. Common forms of online fraud include:

• Phishing Scams: Cybercriminals trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or bank account details, through fake emails or websites.
• Job Scams: Fraudsters pose as employers offering fake job opportunities and demand payment for processing applications or interviews.
• Fake Online Stores: Criminals create counterfeit e-commerce websites that look legitimate to deceive shoppers and steal their financial information.
• Lottery Scams: Victims receive fake notifications claiming they've won a prize and are required to pay a fee to claim it.

2. Hacking

Hacking involves gaining unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or devices. In Nepal, hacking incidents are on the rise, with cybercriminals targeting government agencies, businesses, and individuals. Hackers often use techniques like social engineering, phishing, or exploiting software vulnerabilities to infiltrate systems. The theft of sensitive data, such as financial records or customer details, can cause immense harm to businesses and individuals alike.

3. Identity Theft

Identity theft occurs when criminals use someone else's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, or bank account details, to commit fraud. Cybercriminals in Nepal often engage in identity theft to apply for loans, open bank accounts, or make fraudulent purchases. This crime can lead to severe financial and legal consequences for the victim.

4. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment

With the increasing use of social media and online platforms, cyberbullying and online harassment have become major concerns. This includes spreading false information, sending threatening or abusive messages, and sharing personal details without consent. In Nepal, there has been a rise in cases where individuals have been targeted online, particularly on social media platforms, leading to psychological distress for the victims.

5. Publishing Obscene Content

A growing problem in Nepal is the publishing of obscene content on social media and other online platforms. Cybercriminals are using technology to manipulate images and videos by adding people's faces to explicit material, thereby harming the reputations of the individuals involved. These crimes are often coupled with extortion, where the perpetrators demand money to prevent the distribution of such material.

6. Online Gambling and Child Exploitation

Although illegal in many jurisdictions, online gambling is prevalent in Nepal, with cybercriminals operating unlicensed websites to exploit individuals. Furthermore, child exploitation, including the sharing of explicit content involving minors, is a disturbing trend that continues to grow in Nepal.

7. Ransomware and Malware Attacks

Ransomware attacks have become a major concern for businesses and individuals alike. In these attacks, hackers gain access to a victim’s computer or network and encrypt its data, demanding a ransom in exchange for restoring access. Malware, such as viruses or spyware, is also commonly used to damage or steal sensitive data from victims.

Laws Regulating Cybercrime in Nepal

Nepal has enacted various laws to combat cybercrime and protect citizens in the digital age. The Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) 2063 (2008) is one of the primary pieces of legislation in this regard. The Act provides a legal framework for regulating electronic transactions and preventing cybercrime in Nepal. Below are some key provisions related to cybercrime in Nepal:

1. Electronic Transactions Act (ETA), 2063

The ETA defines cybercrime as any activity conducted using electronic means that is intended to harm or deceive another person. The Act includes provisions for punishing cybercriminals, protecting victims' rights, and regulating online activities. Some important sections of the ETA related to cybercrime include:

• Section 45: Unauthorized access to computer systems and information is punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment for up to three years.
• Section 47: Publication of obscene or harmful content on the internet, including through social media platforms, can lead to imprisonment of up to five years and/or a fine.
• Section 52: Fraudulent activities, such as the use of a fake digital signature or hacking into online banking systems, are punishable with fines and imprisonment.

2. Cyber Bureau of Nepal Police

The Cyber Bureau of Nepal Police plays a pivotal role in investigating and prosecuting cybercrime cases in the country. The Bureau is responsible for:

• Investigating cases related to online fraud, hacking, identity theft, and other cybercrimes.
• Collaborating with other law enforcement agencies both within Nepal and internationally to combat cybercrime.
• Seizing and examining digital evidence to track down perpetrators.

3. Cybercrime Investigation Unit

The Cyber Crime Investigation Unit of the Nepal Police investigates and prosecutes cybercrimes. It is equipped with specialized tools and trained officers who analyze digital evidence to identify perpetrators and bring them to justice.

4. National Cyber Security Strategy

In addition to the laws, Nepal has developed a National Cyber Security Strategy to safeguard critical infrastructure and ensure cybersecurity. This strategy focuses on creating a robust cyber infrastructure, enhancing the capabilities of law enforcement, and raising public awareness about cyber threats.

Tips to Protect Yourself from Cybercrime

While the government and law enforcement agencies play a crucial role in combating cybercrime, it is equally important for individuals and businesses to take preventive measures. Below are some practical tips to help you protect yourself from cybercrime in Nepal:

1. Use Strong and Unique Passwords

One of the simplest yet most effective ways to protect yourself from cybercrime is to use strong and unique passwords for your online accounts. Avoid using easily guessable passwords, such as your name or birthdate. Consider using a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters, and use a password manager to store them securely.

2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. Even if a cybercriminal manages to obtain your password, they will still need access to a second verification method (such as a text message or authentication app) to log in.

3. Be Cautious About Sharing Personal Information Online

Be mindful of the personal information you share online, especially on social media. Cybercriminals can use this information to steal your identity, hack into your accounts, or target you with scams.

4. Update Your Software Regularly

Cybercriminals often exploit vulnerabilities in outdated software to carry out attacks. Ensure that your operating system, antivirus software, and applications are always up to date with the latest security patches.

5. Avoid Public Wi-Fi for Sensitive Transactions

Avoid accessing sensitive information, such as online banking or personal accounts, while connected to public Wi-Fi networks. These networks are often unsecured, making it easier for hackers to intercept your data.

6. Educate Yourself About Common Cyber Threats

Stay informed about the latest cyber threats and scams. Being aware of common tactics, such as phishing emails or fraudulent websites, can help you recognize potential threats and avoid falling victim to cybercrime.

7. Report Cybercrimes Promptly

If you become a victim of cybercrime, report the incident to the Cyber Bureau of Nepal Police as soon as possible. The sooner the authorities are alerted, the greater the chances of apprehending the perpetrators.

Conclusion

Cybercrime is a growing problem in Nepal, and it is essential for individuals, businesses, and the government to work together to combat this threat. While laws like the Electronic Transactions Act and the establishment of the Cyber Bureau are vital tools in the fight against cybercrime, personal vigilance and proactive measures are just as crucial.

By understanding the various types of cybercrimes and the legal framework in place to address them, you can better protect yourself and your business from the harmful effects of cybercriminals. Stay informed, take preventive steps, and report any suspicious activities to help reduce the prevalence of cybercrime in Nepal.